QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality

QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview A generalized treatment of a topic a summary oroutline The development of the wireless network must be prevented in various applications of wireless networks and they can be used in several areas of the hybrid networks respectively. Here the wireless network such as Wi-Fi in laptops and in mobiles can be used to increase the use of wireless networks. These wireless applications are used in the several fields such as in watching videos, playing games and also in watching TV also in wireless mobile devices. While performing all such functions some security will be needed in the specific wireless networks. The applications of wireless networks should be directly connect some wireless mobile devices for required operations. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. Here we proposed a routing protocol in the wireless networks for the overall performance of the network respectively. The protocol provides the respective applications for the transmission of data across the wireless networks. The quality of service will be provided in the specific areas of networks and overall network performance will be maintained as in required manner. The quality of service support will reduces the delay in the end-to-end transmission delay in the throughput also be reduced. However in the hybrid wireless networks, one thing have been proven that it is a better network structure for the future generation, and it have been proved that it will be helpful for the network communication. For example the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. These MANETs will automatically form a network organization to elaborate the usage of network as required and the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. Thus the network security will be provided using some specific applications and thus the significant security will be provided. In the hybrid wireless networks it combines the networks infrastructure and the structure of MANET respectively. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different qualities of service routes respectively. In order to specify the quality of service support capability in wireless networks, we had proposed a distributed routing protocol for the quality of service support. Usually a wireless network has the several base stations and also the access points across the wireless networks. There are two main features regarding the data transmission in the hybrid wireless networks. The one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. There are five contributions in our project they are resource reservation based protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). The reply message of the transmission includes the information of the certain resources packets in packet scheduling feasibility, transmission delay, and reduces the traffic in the transmission. Hence the packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The message should contain the whole information according to the available resources for finding the feasibility of scheduling packets and transmission delay and also the redundancy in traffic in the every transmission. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will use for the internet servers through the access points. On the basis of this information, the specific source node will selects the replied neighbor that should guarantees the quality of service delay in the transmission of packets to the access points. The selected neighbor node specifically updates its status about the transmission of the data packets in the hybrid wireless networks which ensures their feasibility scheduling and transmission delay of the transmitted data packets respectively. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packet scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determine the size of the packets. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. Aim/Objective Here we used a QOD protocol for providing a quality of service and also overall network performance can be maintained. The transmission delay can be reduced with the help of distributed routing protocol and network life time can be increased. The traffic in the data stream or packet stream is also reduced with the help of this protocol and also eliminates the redundant data from the data stream. Problem Statement In the traditional wireless networks, it is difficult to provide the good quality of service and hence we proposed a QOD protocol to overcome such drawbacks. This protocol should select the respective neighbour node when the source node is not within the range. The protocol should helps in reducing the transmission delay in the hybrid wireless network. It also helps in resizing the packets to make an easy flow in the wireless networks and the physical security will be provided. The traffic will be removed from the stream of data and also the redundant data should be removed, hence overall network performance will be maintained and quality of service will be provided. Scope of the project The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different quality of service routes respectively. In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream.

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay

Many sociologists argue that â€Å"factors and processes within school are the main cause of difference† These factors include gender, class and ethnicity. All of these things can lead to certain stereotypes and labels being forced upon pupils. The idea that Teachers have certain expectations of different social and ethnic groups means that self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to pupils living out positive and negative labels. The role of gender in educational achievement is that in past times it has been that boys have achieved less than girls in school, this could be that boys have a history of ‘laddish’ behaviour and have had a negative attitude to learning. This had also led to teachers expectations of ‘lads’ to be low which has caused negative stereotypes and labels. All of these things have in turn caused many anti-school subcultures. Jackson did a study about how this ‘laddish’ behaviour is now being seen in some girls which could in fact mean that it is not only boys that have these negative labels but also girls. Another factor that may influence the achievement of girls is that girls now have a lot of higher role models and more opportunities in the future; this can lead to them working harder because they can see themselves being successful in the future. Another In-school factor would be ethnicity, different ethnic groups achieve better than others in education, for example the highest achieving ethnic group is British Chinese and the lowest would be black African Caribbean boys. The reasons for these differences in achievement could be linked to family morals and attitudes to school. Teachers also have expectations of different ethnic groups which again, like gender can lead to positive and negative labels and stereotypes. The curriculum in schools could also lead to this due to it being ethnocentric. Differences in class an play a crucial role in the achievement between different classes, for example working class children do not have as much cultural capital as middle class children and this can play a vital part in how they achieve at school, due to teachers expectations of how they behave and achieve. The idea of the hidden curriculum means that schools are preparing students for middle class jobs with middle class ideas. Also the idea that middle class teachers get on better with idle class students also reinforces the idea of teacher’s expectations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and students either over or under achieving. One more in-school factor would be pupil subcultures and how streaming and setting can lead to both anti and pro school subcultures, This again links to the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy and that students may either reject their labels or follow them. The organisation of the school can also be closely linked to class and how students may be put into lower streams or sets due to their social background and how teachers perceive them. Home backgrounds of students also contribute to a large part of their achievement. The differences in class can lead to many home disadvantages such as material deprivation which means that students do not have enough money for resources such as private tutors, laptops, trips or uniforms; this will give them a disadvantage compared to middle class students. Working class students may also have other responsibilities to attend to such as looking after siblings or even disabled parents; this means that they do not have as much time to spend on studying. Parent’s attitudes towards school and education can also prove to be an impact, if a parent has a negative attitude to school and learning then the child will not have as much pressure or ambition to do as well. This idea of parent expectations links closely with ethnicity and how different ethnic groups view educarion. In conclusion there are many in school processes that can influence the achievement of children such as gender and how girls and boys are perceived and what teachers expect of them. Another would be Class and how working and middle class students achieve differently due to aspects of school life like the hidden curriculum. Also ethnicity and the expectations and ideas about certain groups like the British Chinese. There are also a lot of out of school factors such as home background, material deprivation and parents’ expectations. Overall I believe that the both in school factors and out of school factors contribute to the differences in educational achievement of different social groups.

Managers Should Run Businesses According To Shareholder Interests Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1479 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Managers have always been known to lead and direct an organisation, since the firm is owned by the shareholders but run by the management. Managers should run the business with the shareholders interest, thus the main objective of managers should be to maximise owners wealth by maximise amount of dividends paid out to shareholders. Since the amount of dividend can be represented by the current stock markets values of the firm ordinary share capital. As a result, the main interest of management is to take decision to maximise the stock value of company share. Furthermore, managers might interest others area rather than pure financial gain. Management would interest on companys responsibility to the environment and society, in turn to minimise the pollution to the environment. Secondly, managers interest on following the governments legislation, for example, not to produce any harmful product that break the law. Finally, management are also highly concerned on the term and condition of their staffs, and make sure they are fairly paid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managers Should Run Businesses According To Shareholder Interests Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However, there is no reason to assume that manager will always follow the interest of shareholder. Since salary of manager usually not based on the share price of firms value, therefore, manager might concentrate more on their own interest such as personal jet and commission paid of sales. In a corporation, the legal entity is separate and distinct from its owner, the shareholders and owners are separate from the management. Therefore, management is given responsibility for running the corporations affairs in shareholders interest. Conflict of interest happens when both parties want to maximise their benefit. The shareholders want to have a higher share price as more dividends can be paid; however, the managers are more interested on revenue because it means more expense can be made that are beneficial to them. By applying the fisher separation theory, it stated that if the manager and shareholder have the same perfect information with the same rational approach to decision making, they should have identical expectations, therefore, no conflict of interest is create. On the other hand, if the management and shareholder have delegated decision making with asymmetric information, it will generate an agent problem. Generally, there are number of ways where the interest of shareholders and managers may conflict, firstly, managers may wish to hold more cash and received perks like having a personal company car that would be the expenses on company, this will affect the firms profit and wealth, since managers have to face a trade-off from perks and firms wealth. In an example of a single owner-manager case, we assume the owner is also the manager, so, firm is owns and run by the owner. Illustrated with the graph below, with an x-axis of perk consume, Y-axis of Value of firm. The slope on the graph is -1; represent the owner has 100% of ownership. As the graph shown, if the perk consumption rises by 1 unit units, the values of firm will drop by 1 unit, so, there is an inverse relationship between perk consumption and firms wealth. For every one pound in perks consumed from owner, there will be a reduction of 1 pound in the values of firm. As a result, there is a trade off between firmss value and perks, the more the manager increase on perks, the more it reduces on the firms values. We can understand more about the conflict between shareholder and manager by studying the principal-agent relationship, where the agent (managers) act on the behalf of principal (shareholder), but the principal cannot monitor the actions of the agent( hidden action) or the principle does not have full set of information known to agent( hidden information). Those hidden action and information from principal create agent cost. In a multiple owners case, the original point at D. If a fraction of firm is sold, the insider (owner-manager)s holding will reduce to ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±, and the outsider (potential buyer) now owns (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±). Now, the insiders will share the cost of perks taken with the others shareholders, for example, the cost to the owner-manager of consuming 1 of perk in the firm will no long be 1, instead, it will be (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± X 1). According to the graph above, when the new budget constraint with (V1,P1), the insider will achieve a higher level of utility at U1, as a result, original point D will move to point A with perks F0 and wealth reduced to V0. After the sale, the new constraint is (V2, P2), and point B is the trading point accepts by both parties with perks F and wealth V. As the graph shown, the value of firm is reducing from V* to V is giving by a movement from point D to B. The reduction of wealth is the agency cost by introducing the agency relationship with outsider in the absence of monitoring and bonding. Secondly, the insufficient effort by managers, they may not grow the firm at an optimal rate, since the value of firm does not directly influence on managers salary and individual have different preferences, so, managers may pursue a sub-optimal expansion path for the firm at a different level of investment. The best ways to illustrate this concept is to plot a graph with production opportunity set, indifferent curve and financial market line. According to the graph, the optimal production rate is where the MRS = MRT= -(1-r), but the manager might make the investment decision above the production rate at point A or below it at point B according to their own preference. Therefore, managers investing decision might not be the optimal level for the firm. Without a single market rate, shareholder will not able to delegate their investment decision to managers. Thirdly, both managers and shareholders have different attitude toward risk, the shareholders are more risk loving because they may invest in many companies, so that they are holding less risk if one company go into bankruptcy. Whilst managers tend to be more risk averse when they facing an investment decision, since managers financial security relies on what happen to the firm, if the value of firm falls below what it should be, the risk of takeover or change in management is likely to increased. Conflict also arise when these is a takeover bid to the company, therefore managers will lose their job whilst shareholders usually gain from this takeover as they will receive above the normal share price. Therefore, the investment decision make by managers might not favour the shareholders of investing risky project. By applying a diagram of efficient frontier of an asset portfolio, with x-axis (Risk) and y-axis (expected return). It shows each indifference curve represent a different equilibrium position which depends on varying risk attitude, shareholders will make their investment decision on IC1, but mangers often set their indifferent curve on IC2 where closer to the minimum variance portfolio at point D. Consequently, firm couldnt achieve high return by investing on those less risk assets, which reducing the return on firms revenue. The potential conflicts between managers and shareholders could be mitigated by arranging contractual financial remuneration to the managers. But, the shareholders have to be careful to choose an award that link to their performance and own interest. Furthermore, the agency cost induced by conflict between managers and shareholders can be mitigated by contractual arrangement. It is possible for shareholders (outsider) to monitoring the expenditure of non-pecuniary from managers. Owner-manager can enter a contract with the shareholders (outsider) to restrict their spending on non-pecuniary consumption. According to the graph, without monitoring from outsiders, firms value is V and perks is F at point B. By given the contract, the consumption of perk will restrict to F and value of firm rise to V .The optimal monitoring expenditure on the outsiders, M, is the amount between D-C. If the equality market is competitive, the potential buyers will be indifferent between two contracts: Firstly, potential buyers can purchase of a share of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) of the firm total price of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) v, but giving no right to monitor on managers consumption. Secondly, potential buyers can purchase share of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) of firm total price of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) V and D-C is the net cost of monitoring and bonding, which could limit the owner-mangers consumption on perks. The expenditure on bonding is a form of contractual guarantees to have financial accounts audited by an external auditor, which contractual limited managers decision making power because it restrict his ability to take advantage on his own profitable opportunities. If the bonding costs were under the control of the owner-mangers and yielded the opportunity set at BCE, it would limit the perk consumption to F. Finally, the optimum occurs at point C, where bonding cost yielded the same opportunity set as the monitoring cost. The solution to reduce agency conflict I is when the shareholders (outsider) perform monitoring to owner-manager (insider).