Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State

Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State Introduction There are many ways to evaluate the changes within a specific ecosystem in a particular landscape. Among the most efficient methods, a comparison between the historical and the present-day landscape can be used (Hessburg, Agee Franklin, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the help of the latter, it is possible to find out whether the impact on a particular landscape has been positive or negative and what further steps are to be undertaken. The analysis of the current and the historical landscape in the East Cascades of the Washington State will possibly help determine the pattern of the landscape development, as well as set the strategy for the further course of actions concerning the management of the given landscape. Methods To explore the pattern of change within the landscape ecology of the East Cascades of the Washington States, the data assembled by Dr. Paul Hessburg’s research group was used. In the course of research, the Fragstas 3.3 program was used to analyze the landscape. The ArcMap technology was utilized to view the data. Finally, to conduct the evaluation of the landscape change, the qualitative analysis was used, well as some elements of quantitative analysis. Results Considering the data that was sorted according to the principle â€Å"‘met06’=Methow subwatershed 06. Last names G-J,† the amount of herbland has changed sufficiently over the course of the East Cascades history, spreading south and southeast. The forest area, however, remained the same, with few exceptions in the northeastern part of the land. Quite similarly, the nonforest area did not change much, apart from the small patches that disappeared from the southeastern parts of the landscape.Advertising Looking for research paper o n ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Speaking of the changes in the vegetation system of the forest, or, as Hessburg, Salter, Richmond and Smith defined it, â€Å"a theoretical endpoint of succession in the absence of disturbance† (Hessburg, Salter, Richmond Smith, 2000, p. 166), one must mention that the deforestation process has took its toll, since more parts of the area have been marked as â€Å"non-forest† ones. In addition, the area covered by old forest multi-storey has also decreased, giving more room to the young forest multi-storey parts of the forest. Likewise, old forest single storey has moved northeast, giving its way to the young forest multi-storey elements. In addition, the area covered by stem exclusion open canopy has grown smaller over the past few decades, with only several elements scattered sideways across the area. The amount of trees that are currently in the stand initiation sta ge has also changed; while in the past, only two small areas of SI trees could be found, at present, the central and the southern part of the forest are in the phase of stand initiation. The amount of trees that are currently in the stage of understory re-initiation has, on the contrary, remained the same. It is also important to mention that the intensity of firelines in certain parts of the East Cascades has changed over the past few decades. According to the data obtained with the help of the Fragstats 3.3, the amount of instances of fireline has gone down in the western area from 2 (in central parts of the west area) to 1. The changes in the northern part of the area are also rather gratifying, with the instances of firelines going from 3 to 1 in most parts of the area. Finally, it is noteworthy that the southwestern spot in the East Cascades area, which was notorious for 6 firelines per year, has had only 3 to 5 firelines.Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instances of 7 firelines per year, however, have been noticed in the north and southwest, though previously,.west and north-west were known for suffering 7 firelines running. Generally speaking, one must admit that the number of firelines has declined. Discussion When assessing the changes that have taken place in the mean patch area of the landscape in the given time slot, one must admit that there have been radical changes in the development of the landscape of the East Cascades area over the past few years. According to the obtained data, nowadays, the largest mean patch area in the East Cascades landscape consists of young forest multi-storey patches; the recent data shows that the latter take almost 278 (277,7067) sq. km. In the past, however, the mean patch area in the East Cascades consisted mostly of non-forest landscape (206,5067 sq. km). Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates of deforestation have dropped considerably and that the forest ecosystem is getting stronger. The given idea can be supported by the fact that the amount of young trees has increased compared to the previous records, while the amount of old trees has narrowed down. Therefore, such factors as the restoration of the balance between the old and the young trees plays a great role in shaping the mean patch area scale. It is also important to outline the difference between the mean and the median patch area. According to the existing definition, a median patch area allows to evaluate the â€Å"sample median value† (USDA, 1999, p. 66). Therefore, it can be concluded that, in contrast to the mean patch area, median patch area offers a midpoint of all patch areas in question. As a counterpoint to the mean patch area, it allows to see how even a specific element is distributed across the land.Adver tising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the East Cascades, the Shannon diversity index has increased, with the split in the increase of various landscape elements ranging from 248,16 (non-forest) to –597,92 (young forest multi-storey). Speaking of the shape complexity, however, one has to mention that the rates of the given parameter have also declined, which can be explained by the massive fire that was witnessed in the northern and northwestern parts of the area. The fires must have also influenced the rates of contagion in the area; according to the recently obtained data, the contagion rates have also risen, allowing for a more rapid fragmentation of the landscape. It is crucial to stress that the structures that can be classified as young forest multi-storey have increased in size and variety. The given data stands in a sharp contrast to the information concerning the old forest. As it has been previously mentioned, the amount of old forest elements has dropped. The given change can be the result of the fir es that gripped the area in the past few years. At first, the given change might seem deadly to the forest, since so many elements have been taken out of the picture. On a second thought, one must admit that the fires allowed to make way for the young forest multi-storey, thus, renewing the forest ecosystem. However, judging by the high rates of the areas that are very vulnerable to fires, one must admit that the given area should be managed to protect it from intense exposure to fires. Literature Cited Hessburg, P. F. Salter, R. B., Richmond, M. B. and B. G. Smith. 2000. Ecological subregions of the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Applied Vegetation Science 3, 163–180. Hessburg, P. F., Agee, G. K. and J. F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 117–139. USDA. 1999. Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the inte rior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. USDA, Washington, D.C.

To Outline or Not to Outline, That is the Question

To Outline or Not to Outline, That is the Question To Outline or Not to Outline, That is the Question To Outline or Not to Outline, That is the Question By Guest Author This is a guest post by Idrees Patel. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Creative writers are divided into two camps: those who outline and those who don’t: the ones who write straight on and on. Is it wrong to outline? Which method brings the best results? From the beginning of writing, some people like to write an outline before starting writing. However, there are also many which hate to do so. And then there are some who mix the two methods to create their own method. But which is the best? There is no right answer for everyone. You must find your own right answer. Of course, this is the right answer but an elaboration for it isn’t quite a bad idea. So here’s the proper answer: outlining works for some people. And it doesn’t for others. The what and why of outlining is a must to know, so therefore, here is The What of Outlining To outline is to draw something of a big picture of your work (it may be anything, a novel, a story, a blog post, a sales letter etc) before starting to write the content. Outlining means to write all the ideas spinning in your mind down to paper and arrange them in a logical fashion to make the actual writing easier. Still confused? Here is the Wikipedia definition: An outline is a list of the main features of a given topic, often used as a rough draft or summary of the content of a document. A hierarchical outline is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships. Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with freewriting. Here is what a typical outline may look like: The abuses of television: How children stay late at night and don’t do their school homework How they hamper their eyesight by watching too much TV How bad programmes have a dangerous effect on teenagers How they dedicate too much time to it instead of taking part in useful pursuits And so on. The general opinion is that by doing outlining the writing process will become easier. Why? Because we now have a roadmap which we can follow. Or not The Advantages of Outlining 1. Not getting lost. This is clearly the biggest advantage. Some SOTP (seat of the pants writers) hate outlining. They write without having a roadmap and this is fun for some time. And then the inevitable happens. They don’t know what to write anymore. In contrast, having an outline means that writers always know what to write. 2. Deciding whether your work is good or not. If you don’t know how your story is going to end or go on, then you don’t really know whether it is good or not. It would be painful, wouldn’t it, to discover big plot holes and flaws after having written 50,000 words. Whereas if you outline you know instantly what flaws there are, and you can correct them easily. 3. Straying off the outline if you get a better way. If you are writing and then suddenly get an inspiration and think that the outline was poorer, you are entirely free to stray off the outline. It’s just that, an outline. This way you can compare the two ways, and decide which is better. You couldn’t do this if you didn’t have an outline. 4. Writing with a sense of flow. You know how this will go on. After finishing this, you know you’ve got to do that. Then there are no messy unorganized chapters and scenes (or whatever you’re else you’re writing). You get a sense of flow, and your work will be finished faster. The Disadvantages of Outlining 1. Spoils the mystery and the fun. Okay, sometimes you may not want mystery and you may not want any fun. In that case, you should ignore this point. But for fiction writers, some don’t want to outline because they feel they cannot use their creativity and it takes away all the fun if you just fill it up. To solve this problem, Randy Ingermanson revealed a new method – the Snowflake method. It does let you outline, but doesn’t let it spoil your story. 2. May not be as good as you first thought. If you get a complete different idea for your story later, your outline is pretty much useless work. Therefore, you should try to get all the best ideas from your brain and commit them down to paper to avoid this problem. 3. Just doesn’t seem to agree with your writing style. Some people find it hard to write from an outline. They want their writing to be creative: as creative as possible. I’m one of those writers, although I sometimes write few of my ideas so that I don’t forget it. Lengthy outlining doesn’t work for some, although it does for others. It’s useless to find a one-size-fit-all outlining method, simply because there’s no such thing. Conclusion: Undecided, no right answer for everyone It all comes back to square zero. There are ton of different writing methods and processes, even different outlining methods. But don’t just try to use one because it happens to be popular or famous. It may not work for you, and cost you a whole load of precious time. Only use the method which your brain seems to like. My writing method is a bit of a mix: not an outline and not a SOTP. Maybe yours is too; or maybe you like outlining in its most literal sense. Or maybe you hate it and just like to write freely. Take your pick and have fun. No reason to write if you don’t even like your writing method. Outlining works for some people. Some famous authors can’t write without a lengthy synopsis. If you’re an outliner, you’re in good company. And of course outlining doesn’t work for some people. If you’re a SOTP, you too are in good company of famous authors. Finally, if you choose to be creative and mix it up a little, you’ll find plenty more authors with your method. Just write with which you’re most comfortable. So that’s it. After having learned the advantages and disadvantages of outlining, it’s your choice whether you choose to use it or not. It doesn’t really matter as long as you enjoy writing. Write and love it. About the Author: Idrees Patel is a 13 year old blogging about creative writing tips at WritersTreasure.com. Check out his free series, Creative Writing 101: a beginner’s guide to creative writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Pivot Column Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pivot Column - Assignment Example The column (r) becomes an r-nth column. In a tableau the pivot column is the column that has the most negative integer. If there are no negative indicators then the tableau is already considered final and the solution is already evident. The pivot row is the row with the smallest non-negative ratio (quotient). The pivot element is the number that sits at the intersection of the column with the most negative indictor (pivot column) and the row with the smallest quotient (pivot row). The example below is from â€Å"The Simplex Method† (n.d. web). This scenario was based on three different products ( s , t, u) and three different machines required to make those products. Note all calculations are done from the basic solution that x, y, and z, (number of units per product) are all zero. The original numbers used and the full calculation can be found in the reference section. In this first set of calculations the pivot column is in blue, the pivot row is in yellow and the pivot element is in green. The pivot element is found by first selecting the pivot column (the one with the most negative indicator) – in this example it is column 1 with -6. Then the constant on the right of the bar needs to be divided by the corresponding non-zero element in the pivot column and this will give you the smallest quotient (pivot row) and the intersection of these two (row and column) will give you the pivot

Human services legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human services legislation - Essay Example overty level was increasing at a rapid rate, which made the Johnson administration to come up with a program that would be run by the government to try and reduce the poverty level. The legislation worked out well because the poverty level was greatly reduced over time to a lower level. Expounding on the war on poverty will paint a clear picture on the impact and benefits of the legislation. The war on poverty is a legislation that was pioneered by United States president Johnson Lyndon in a state address. Johnson proposed the legislation in response to the rising poverty rates. The proposal allowed the United States congress to pass the economic opportunity act which then instituted the office of economic opportunity to oversee the local application of funds aimed against poverty. Johnson believed in increasing the government’s roles in reducing poverty and bettering education and health care as strategies of reducing the poverty rates. Johnson had an aim of not to cure the symptoms of poverty, but to cure it and above all, to prevent it. During Johnson’s administration hearing before the select committee on poverty of the committee on labor and public welfare, President Johnson decided that the United States was not going to put up with the increasing poverty rates anymore (Zarefsky, 1986). The notion was that prosperity alone was not going to get rid of the increasing poverty rates. Johnson emphasized that the war on poverty would create job opportunities, and also lead to planning and organization of resources, to break the cycle of poverty in communities. The main social problems were poor education and health care, lack of job opportunities, poor transportation and urban problems. According to Phelps, this is why President Johnson found it more convenient to curb those social problems in order to fight poverty in a more orderly manner (2014). This is especially because poverty is related to issues such as lack of education, jobs, proper healthcare

QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality

QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview A generalized treatment of a topic a summary oroutline The development of the wireless network must be prevented in various applications of wireless networks and they can be used in several areas of the hybrid networks respectively. Here the wireless network such as Wi-Fi in laptops and in mobiles can be used to increase the use of wireless networks. These wireless applications are used in the several fields such as in watching videos, playing games and also in watching TV also in wireless mobile devices. While performing all such functions some security will be needed in the specific wireless networks. The applications of wireless networks should be directly connect some wireless mobile devices for required operations. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. Here we proposed a routing protocol in the wireless networks for the overall performance of the network respectively. The protocol provides the respective applications for the transmission of data across the wireless networks. The quality of service will be provided in the specific areas of networks and overall network performance will be maintained as in required manner. The quality of service support will reduces the delay in the end-to-end transmission delay in the throughput also be reduced. However in the hybrid wireless networks, one thing have been proven that it is a better network structure for the future generation, and it have been proved that it will be helpful for the network communication. For example the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. These MANETs will automatically form a network organization to elaborate the usage of network as required and the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. Thus the network security will be provided using some specific applications and thus the significant security will be provided. In the hybrid wireless networks it combines the networks infrastructure and the structure of MANET respectively. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different qualities of service routes respectively. In order to specify the quality of service support capability in wireless networks, we had proposed a distributed routing protocol for the quality of service support. Usually a wireless network has the several base stations and also the access points across the wireless networks. There are two main features regarding the data transmission in the hybrid wireless networks. The one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. There are five contributions in our project they are resource reservation based protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). The reply message of the transmission includes the information of the certain resources packets in packet scheduling feasibility, transmission delay, and reduces the traffic in the transmission. Hence the packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The message should contain the whole information according to the available resources for finding the feasibility of scheduling packets and transmission delay and also the redundancy in traffic in the every transmission. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will use for the internet servers through the access points. On the basis of this information, the specific source node will selects the replied neighbor that should guarantees the quality of service delay in the transmission of packets to the access points. The selected neighbor node specifically updates its status about the transmission of the data packets in the hybrid wireless networks which ensures their feasibility scheduling and transmission delay of the transmitted data packets respectively. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packet scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determine the size of the packets. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. Aim/Objective Here we used a QOD protocol for providing a quality of service and also overall network performance can be maintained. The transmission delay can be reduced with the help of distributed routing protocol and network life time can be increased. The traffic in the data stream or packet stream is also reduced with the help of this protocol and also eliminates the redundant data from the data stream. Problem Statement In the traditional wireless networks, it is difficult to provide the good quality of service and hence we proposed a QOD protocol to overcome such drawbacks. This protocol should select the respective neighbour node when the source node is not within the range. The protocol should helps in reducing the transmission delay in the hybrid wireless network. It also helps in resizing the packets to make an easy flow in the wireless networks and the physical security will be provided. The traffic will be removed from the stream of data and also the redundant data should be removed, hence overall network performance will be maintained and quality of service will be provided. Scope of the project The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different quality of service routes respectively. In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream.

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay

Many sociologists argue that â€Å"factors and processes within school are the main cause of difference† These factors include gender, class and ethnicity. All of these things can lead to certain stereotypes and labels being forced upon pupils. The idea that Teachers have certain expectations of different social and ethnic groups means that self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to pupils living out positive and negative labels. The role of gender in educational achievement is that in past times it has been that boys have achieved less than girls in school, this could be that boys have a history of ‘laddish’ behaviour and have had a negative attitude to learning. This had also led to teachers expectations of ‘lads’ to be low which has caused negative stereotypes and labels. All of these things have in turn caused many anti-school subcultures. Jackson did a study about how this ‘laddish’ behaviour is now being seen in some girls which could in fact mean that it is not only boys that have these negative labels but also girls. Another factor that may influence the achievement of girls is that girls now have a lot of higher role models and more opportunities in the future; this can lead to them working harder because they can see themselves being successful in the future. Another In-school factor would be ethnicity, different ethnic groups achieve better than others in education, for example the highest achieving ethnic group is British Chinese and the lowest would be black African Caribbean boys. The reasons for these differences in achievement could be linked to family morals and attitudes to school. Teachers also have expectations of different ethnic groups which again, like gender can lead to positive and negative labels and stereotypes. The curriculum in schools could also lead to this due to it being ethnocentric. Differences in class an play a crucial role in the achievement between different classes, for example working class children do not have as much cultural capital as middle class children and this can play a vital part in how they achieve at school, due to teachers expectations of how they behave and achieve. The idea of the hidden curriculum means that schools are preparing students for middle class jobs with middle class ideas. Also the idea that middle class teachers get on better with idle class students also reinforces the idea of teacher’s expectations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and students either over or under achieving. One more in-school factor would be pupil subcultures and how streaming and setting can lead to both anti and pro school subcultures, This again links to the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy and that students may either reject their labels or follow them. The organisation of the school can also be closely linked to class and how students may be put into lower streams or sets due to their social background and how teachers perceive them. Home backgrounds of students also contribute to a large part of their achievement. The differences in class can lead to many home disadvantages such as material deprivation which means that students do not have enough money for resources such as private tutors, laptops, trips or uniforms; this will give them a disadvantage compared to middle class students. Working class students may also have other responsibilities to attend to such as looking after siblings or even disabled parents; this means that they do not have as much time to spend on studying. Parent’s attitudes towards school and education can also prove to be an impact, if a parent has a negative attitude to school and learning then the child will not have as much pressure or ambition to do as well. This idea of parent expectations links closely with ethnicity and how different ethnic groups view educarion. In conclusion there are many in school processes that can influence the achievement of children such as gender and how girls and boys are perceived and what teachers expect of them. Another would be Class and how working and middle class students achieve differently due to aspects of school life like the hidden curriculum. Also ethnicity and the expectations and ideas about certain groups like the British Chinese. There are also a lot of out of school factors such as home background, material deprivation and parents’ expectations. Overall I believe that the both in school factors and out of school factors contribute to the differences in educational achievement of different social groups.

Managers Should Run Businesses According To Shareholder Interests Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1479 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Managers have always been known to lead and direct an organisation, since the firm is owned by the shareholders but run by the management. Managers should run the business with the shareholders interest, thus the main objective of managers should be to maximise owners wealth by maximise amount of dividends paid out to shareholders. Since the amount of dividend can be represented by the current stock markets values of the firm ordinary share capital. As a result, the main interest of management is to take decision to maximise the stock value of company share. Furthermore, managers might interest others area rather than pure financial gain. Management would interest on companys responsibility to the environment and society, in turn to minimise the pollution to the environment. Secondly, managers interest on following the governments legislation, for example, not to produce any harmful product that break the law. Finally, management are also highly concerned on the term and condition of their staffs, and make sure they are fairly paid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managers Should Run Businesses According To Shareholder Interests Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However, there is no reason to assume that manager will always follow the interest of shareholder. Since salary of manager usually not based on the share price of firms value, therefore, manager might concentrate more on their own interest such as personal jet and commission paid of sales. In a corporation, the legal entity is separate and distinct from its owner, the shareholders and owners are separate from the management. Therefore, management is given responsibility for running the corporations affairs in shareholders interest. Conflict of interest happens when both parties want to maximise their benefit. The shareholders want to have a higher share price as more dividends can be paid; however, the managers are more interested on revenue because it means more expense can be made that are beneficial to them. By applying the fisher separation theory, it stated that if the manager and shareholder have the same perfect information with the same rational approach to decision making, they should have identical expectations, therefore, no conflict of interest is create. On the other hand, if the management and shareholder have delegated decision making with asymmetric information, it will generate an agent problem. Generally, there are number of ways where the interest of shareholders and managers may conflict, firstly, managers may wish to hold more cash and received perks like having a personal company car that would be the expenses on company, this will affect the firms profit and wealth, since managers have to face a trade-off from perks and firms wealth. In an example of a single owner-manager case, we assume the owner is also the manager, so, firm is owns and run by the owner. Illustrated with the graph below, with an x-axis of perk consume, Y-axis of Value of firm. The slope on the graph is -1; represent the owner has 100% of ownership. As the graph shown, if the perk consumption rises by 1 unit units, the values of firm will drop by 1 unit, so, there is an inverse relationship between perk consumption and firms wealth. For every one pound in perks consumed from owner, there will be a reduction of 1 pound in the values of firm. As a result, there is a trade off between firmss value and perks, the more the manager increase on perks, the more it reduces on the firms values. We can understand more about the conflict between shareholder and manager by studying the principal-agent relationship, where the agent (managers) act on the behalf of principal (shareholder), but the principal cannot monitor the actions of the agent( hidden action) or the principle does not have full set of information known to agent( hidden information). Those hidden action and information from principal create agent cost. In a multiple owners case, the original point at D. If a fraction of firm is sold, the insider (owner-manager)s holding will reduce to ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±, and the outsider (potential buyer) now owns (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±). Now, the insiders will share the cost of perks taken with the others shareholders, for example, the cost to the owner-manager of consuming 1 of perk in the firm will no long be 1, instead, it will be (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± X 1). According to the graph above, when the new budget constraint with (V1,P1), the insider will achieve a higher level of utility at U1, as a result, original point D will move to point A with perks F0 and wealth reduced to V0. After the sale, the new constraint is (V2, P2), and point B is the trading point accepts by both parties with perks F and wealth V. As the graph shown, the value of firm is reducing from V* to V is giving by a movement from point D to B. The reduction of wealth is the agency cost by introducing the agency relationship with outsider in the absence of monitoring and bonding. Secondly, the insufficient effort by managers, they may not grow the firm at an optimal rate, since the value of firm does not directly influence on managers salary and individual have different preferences, so, managers may pursue a sub-optimal expansion path for the firm at a different level of investment. The best ways to illustrate this concept is to plot a graph with production opportunity set, indifferent curve and financial market line. According to the graph, the optimal production rate is where the MRS = MRT= -(1-r), but the manager might make the investment decision above the production rate at point A or below it at point B according to their own preference. Therefore, managers investing decision might not be the optimal level for the firm. Without a single market rate, shareholder will not able to delegate their investment decision to managers. Thirdly, both managers and shareholders have different attitude toward risk, the shareholders are more risk loving because they may invest in many companies, so that they are holding less risk if one company go into bankruptcy. Whilst managers tend to be more risk averse when they facing an investment decision, since managers financial security relies on what happen to the firm, if the value of firm falls below what it should be, the risk of takeover or change in management is likely to increased. Conflict also arise when these is a takeover bid to the company, therefore managers will lose their job whilst shareholders usually gain from this takeover as they will receive above the normal share price. Therefore, the investment decision make by managers might not favour the shareholders of investing risky project. By applying a diagram of efficient frontier of an asset portfolio, with x-axis (Risk) and y-axis (expected return). It shows each indifference curve represent a different equilibrium position which depends on varying risk attitude, shareholders will make their investment decision on IC1, but mangers often set their indifferent curve on IC2 where closer to the minimum variance portfolio at point D. Consequently, firm couldnt achieve high return by investing on those less risk assets, which reducing the return on firms revenue. The potential conflicts between managers and shareholders could be mitigated by arranging contractual financial remuneration to the managers. But, the shareholders have to be careful to choose an award that link to their performance and own interest. Furthermore, the agency cost induced by conflict between managers and shareholders can be mitigated by contractual arrangement. It is possible for shareholders (outsider) to monitoring the expenditure of non-pecuniary from managers. Owner-manager can enter a contract with the shareholders (outsider) to restrict their spending on non-pecuniary consumption. According to the graph, without monitoring from outsiders, firms value is V and perks is F at point B. By given the contract, the consumption of perk will restrict to F and value of firm rise to V .The optimal monitoring expenditure on the outsiders, M, is the amount between D-C. If the equality market is competitive, the potential buyers will be indifferent between two contracts: Firstly, potential buyers can purchase of a share of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) of the firm total price of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) v, but giving no right to monitor on managers consumption. Secondly, potential buyers can purchase share of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) of firm total price of (1- ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) V and D-C is the net cost of monitoring and bonding, which could limit the owner-mangers consumption on perks. The expenditure on bonding is a form of contractual guarantees to have financial accounts audited by an external auditor, which contractual limited managers decision making power because it restrict his ability to take advantage on his own profitable opportunities. If the bonding costs were under the control of the owner-mangers and yielded the opportunity set at BCE, it would limit the perk consumption to F. Finally, the optimum occurs at point C, where bonding cost yielded the same opportunity set as the monitoring cost. The solution to reduce agency conflict I is when the shareholders (outsider) perform monitoring to owner-manager (insider).